Chapter 1: The Solid State
**Brief Description**: Explores the properties, classification, and structure of solids, laying the foundation for material science and crystallography.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Types of solids (crystalline, amorphous).
- Crystal lattices, unit cells, packing efficiency.
- Imperfections in solids (defects).
- Electrical and magnetic properties.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Density of unit cell: ρ = (Z × M)/(a³ × N_A), where Z = number of atoms/unit cell, M = molar mass, a = edge length, N_A = Avogadro’s number.
- Packing efficiency: fcc (74%), bcc (68%), sc (52%).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~25, including numericals and theory.
Chapter 2: Solutions
**Brief Description**: Discusses types of solutions, concentration terms, and colligative properties, critical for understanding chemical mixtures in industries.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Concentration units (molarity, molality, mole fraction).
- Raoult’s law, ideal and non-ideal solutions.
- Colligative properties: boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure.
- Abnormal molar masses (van’t Hoff factor).
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Raoult’s law: P = P_A°X_A + P_B°X_B.
- ΔT_b = K_b × m, ΔT_f = K_f × m (m = molality).
- Osmotic pressure: π = CRT.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~30, numerical-heavy.
Chapter 3: Electrochemistry
**Brief Description**: Covers electrochemical cells, conductance, and redox processes, essential for battery technology and corrosion studies.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Galvanic and electrolytic cells.
- Nernst equation, standard electrode potential.
- Conductance, molar conductivity.
- Kohlrausch’s law, Faraday’s laws.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Nernst equation: E = E° - (RT/nF)lnQ.
- ΔG = -nFE (Gibbs free energy and cell potential).
- Molar conductivity: Λ_m = κ/c.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~30, with numericals and derivations.
Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics
**Brief Description**: Studies the rate of chemical reactions and factors affecting them, vital for industrial reaction optimization.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Rate of reaction, rate law, order, molecularity.
- Integrated rate equations (zero, first, second order).
- Arrhenius equation, activation energy.
- Pseudo-first-order reactions.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- First-order rate: k = (2.303/t)log([A]₀/[A]).
- Arrhenius equation: k = A e^(-E_a/RT).
- Half-life (first order): t₁/₂ = 0.693/k.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~30, numerical-heavy.
Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry
**Brief Description**: Explores surface phenomena like adsorption and catalysis, relevant for industrial processes like catalysis and purification.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Adsorption (physisorption, chemisorption).
- Catalysis (homogeneous, heterogeneous).
- Colloids, emulsions, Tyndall effect.
- Enzyme catalysis.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Freundlich isotherm: x/m = kP^(1/n).
- Colloidal properties: Brownian motion, electrophoresis.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~20, mostly theoretical.
Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
**Brief Description**: Discusses extraction and purification of metals, key for metallurgy and industrial chemistry.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Occurrence of metals, concentration of ores.
- Extraction processes (pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, electrometallurgy).
- Refining techniques (distillation, electrolysis).
- Thermodynamic principles (Ellingham diagram).
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- ΔG = ΔH - TΔS (for spontaneity in extraction).
- Ellingham diagram: Predicts feasibility of reduction.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~20, theoretical and process-based.
Chapter 7: The p-Block Elements
**Brief Description**: Covers Group 15–18 elements, their compounds, and properties, bridging inorganic and organic chemistry.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Group 15 (nitrogen family): ammonia, nitric acid.
- Group 16 (oxygen family): ozone, sulphur compounds.
- Group 17 (halogens): chlorine, interhalogen compounds.
- Group 18 (noble gases): xenon compounds.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Structures: NH₃ (trigonal pyramidal), SF₆ (octahedral).
- Hybridization in xenon compounds (e.g., XeF₂: sp³d).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~30, structural and theoretical.
Chapter 8: The d- and f-Block Elements
**Brief Description**: Focuses on transition and inner-transition elements, their properties, and applications in catalysis and materials.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- d-block: electronic configuration, magnetic properties.
- Oxidation states, catalytic properties.
- f-block: lanthanoids, actinoids.
- Coordination compounds (introduction).
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Magnetic moment: μ = √[n(n+2)] BM (n = unpaired electrons).
- Lanthanoid contraction.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~25, theoretical and property-based.
Chapter 9: Coordination Compounds
**Brief Description**: Explores complexes, their nomenclature, bonding, and applications, crucial for bioinorganic chemistry.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Ligands, coordination number.
- Werner’s theory, VBT, CFT.
- Isomerism (geometrical, optical).
- Applications (e.g., chlorophyll, cisplatin).
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Crystal field splitting: Δ_o (octahedral), Δ_t (tetrahedral).
- CFSE = [-0.4x + 0.6y]Δ_o (x, y = electrons in t₂g, e_g).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~25, nomenclature and theory.
Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
**Brief Description**: Introduces organic halogen compounds, their reactions, and applications, foundational for organic synthesis.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Nomenclature, preparation of haloalkanes/haloarenes.
- Nucleophilic substitution (S_N1, S_N2).
- Electrophilic substitution in haloarenes.
- Polyhalogen compounds (e.g., DDT).
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- S_N2: Rate = k[R-X][Nu⁻] (bimolecular).
- Chirality in haloalkanes.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~25, reaction-based.
Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
**Brief Description**: Covers oxygen-containing organic compounds, their synthesis, and reactions, key for pharmaceuticals.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Nomenclature, preparation of alcohols, phenols, ethers.
- Reactions: dehydration, esterification, Williamson synthesis.
- Acidity of phenols.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Williamson ether synthesis: R-OH + R’-X → R-O-R’.
- Lucas test for alcohols.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~25, reaction-heavy.
Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
**Brief Description**: Discusses carbonyl compounds and their derivatives, central to organic chemistry and synthesis.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Preparation: oxidation, reduction.
- Reactions: nucleophilic addition, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro.
- Carboxylic acids: acidity, esterification.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Aldol condensation: 2RCHO → β-hydroxy aldehyde.
- Carboxylic acid acidity: pK_a ≈ 4–5.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~30, mechanism-based.
Chapter 13: Amines
**Brief Description**: Explores nitrogen-containing organic compounds, their synthesis, and reactions, relevant for dyes and drugs.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Classification, nomenclature.
- Preparation: Hofmann ammonolysis, reduction.
- Reactions: carbylamine, diazotization.
- Basicity of amines.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Basicity order: 2° > 1° > 3° (in gas phase).
- Diazonium salt: ArN₂⁺Cl⁻.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~25, reaction-focused.
Chapter 14: Biomolecules
**Brief Description**: Covers biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, essential for biochemistry.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides.
- Proteins: amino acids, peptide bonds.
- Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA.
- Vitamins, enzymes.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Glucose structure: C₆H₁₂O₆ (open chain, cyclic).
- Peptide bond: -CO-NH-.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~20, theoretical.
Chapter 15: Polymers
**Brief Description**: Discusses synthetic and natural polymers, their synthesis, and applications, relevant for materials science.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Types: addition, condensation polymers.
- Examples: nylon, PVC, bakelite.
- Biodegradable polymers.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Polymerization: Monomer → Polymer (e.g., nCH₂=CH₂ → [-CH₂-CH₂-]n).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15, theoretical.
Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life
**Brief Description**: Explores chemistry’s role in daily life, focusing on drugs, detergents, and food additives.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Drugs: analgesics, antibiotics, tranquilizers.
- Detergents: cationic, anionic, non-ionic.
- Food additives: preservatives, artificial sweeteners.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Structures of aspirin, paracetamol.
- Soap: RCOO⁻Na⁺.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15, application-based.
- **Assessment**: Each chapter includes exercises with a mix of numerical (Chapters 1–4), reaction-based (Chapters 10–13), and theoretical questions (Chapters 5–9, 14–16). NCERT Exemplar problems are recommended for advanced practice.
- **Study Tips**: Prioritize numericals in physical chemistry (Chapters 1–4), mechanisms in organic chemistry (Chapters 10–13), and structures in inorganic chemistry (Chapters 7–9). Use diagrams for organic reactions and crystal structures.