Physics Chapters
Chapter 1: Light – Reflection and Refraction
**Brief Description**: Introduces the behavior of light, focusing on reflection and refraction, foundational for optics and technologies like lenses and mirrors.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Reflection of light, laws of reflection.
- Plane and spherical mirrors, image formation.
- Refraction, laws of refraction, refractive index.
- Lens formula, power of a lens.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v.
- Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
- Magnification: m = h’/h = -v/u.
- Power of lens: P = 1/f (in meters), in dioptres.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15–20, including numericals and ray diagrams.
---
Chapter 2: Human Eye and Colourful World
**Brief Description**: Explores the human eye’s structure, defects, and optical phenomena in nature, relevant for biology and atmospheric studies.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Structure and working of the human eye.
- Defects: myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia.
- Dispersion of light, rainbow formation.
- Atmospheric refraction, scattering of light.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Power of accommodation: Ability of eye lens to adjust focal length.
- Scattering: Intensity ∝ 1/λ⁴ (Rayleigh scattering).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, mostly theoretical and diagram-based.
---
Chapter 3: Electricity
**Brief Description**: Covers electric current, circuits, and their applications, essential for understanding electrical systems.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Electric current, potential difference, Ohm’s law.
- Resistance, resistivity, series and parallel circuits.
- Electric power, heating effect of current.
- Commercial unit of energy (kWh).
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Ohm’s law: V = IR.
- Resistance in series: R_s = R₁ + R₂ + ….
- Resistance in parallel: 1/R_p = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ….
- Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~20, numerical-heavy.
---
Chapter 4: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
**Brief Description**: Discusses magnetic fields produced by currents and their applications in motors and generators.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Magnetic field, field lines, Oersted’s experiment.
- Right-hand thumb rule, solenoid.
- Electric motor, electromagnetic induction, generator.
- Domestic electric circuits, safety measures.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Force on a conductor: F = BIL sinθ.
- Fleming’s left-hand rule (motor), right-hand rule (generator).
- Induced EMF: ε = -dΦ_B/dt (Faraday’s law).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15–20, with conceptual and application-based questions.
---
Chapter 5: Sources of Energy
**Brief Description**: Explores conventional and non-conventional energy sources, focusing on sustainability and environmental impact.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Fossil fuels, thermal power plants.
- Renewable sources: solar, wind, hydro, biomass.
- Nuclear energy, energy conservation.
- Environmental consequences of energy use.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Efficiency of energy conversion (qualitative).
- No specific formulas; focus on qualitative understanding.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, mostly theoretical.
---
Chemistry Chapters
Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions and Equations
**Brief Description**: Introduces chemical reactions, their types, and balancing, foundational for understanding chemical processes.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Chemical equations, balancing.
- Types of reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement.
- Oxidation, reduction, corrosion, rancidity.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Law of conservation of mass (for balancing equations).
- Redox: Oxidation (loss of electrons), Reduction (gain of electrons).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15–20, with balancing and reaction-type questions.
---
#### Chapter 7: Acids, Bases, and Salts
**Brief Description**: Discusses properties, reactions, and uses of acids, bases, and salts, relevant for chemistry and daily life.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Properties of acids and bases, pH scale.
- Indicators (litmus, phenolphthalein).
- Chemical properties of acids and bases.
- Salts, preparation, uses (e.g., NaCl, baking soda).
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- pH = -log[H⁺].
- Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15–20, theoretical and reaction-based.
---
Chapter 8: Metals and Non-Metals
**Brief Description**: Explores properties, reactions, and extraction of metals and non-metals, key for metallurgy and material science.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals.
- Reactivity series, ionic bond formation.
- Extraction of metals, refining.
- Corrosion and its prevention.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Reactivity series: K > Na > Ca > … > Au.
- Ionic compounds: High melting points, soluble in water.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15–20, with properties and reaction questions.
---
Chapter 9: Carbon and Its Compounds
**Brief Description**: Introduces organic chemistry, focusing on carbon’s unique properties and compounds, foundational for organic chemistry.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Covalent bonding in carbon compounds.
- Allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite).
- Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes.
- Functional groups, soaps, and detergents.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- General formulas: Alkanes (C_nH_{2n+2}), Alkenes (C_nH_{2n}), Alkynes (C_nH_{2n-2}).
- Saponification: Ester + NaOH → Soap + Glycerol.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15–20, with structural and reaction questions.
---
Chapter 10: Periodic Classification of Elements
**Brief Description**: Covers the periodic table, its development, and trends, essential for understanding chemical behavior.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Dobereiner’s triads, Newlands’ law of octaves.
- Mendeleev’s and modern periodic table.
- Trends: atomic size, metallic character, valency.
- Periodic properties: ionization energy, electronegativity.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Modern periodic law: Properties are periodic functions of atomic number.
- Trends: Atomic radius decreases across a period, increases down a group.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, mostly theoretical.
---
Biology Chapters
Chapter 11: Life Processes
**Brief Description**: Explores essential biological processes like nutrition, respiration, and transport, key for understanding living organisms.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Nutrition: autotrophic, heterotrophic, human digestion.
- Respiration: aerobic, anaerobic, human respiratory system.
- Transportation: blood, lymph, heart, plants (xylem, phloem).
- Excretion: kidneys, nephrons.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
- Aerobic respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~15–20, with diagram-based and theoretical questions.
---
Chapter 12: Control and Coordination
**Brief Description**: Discusses the nervous and endocrine systems in animals and plants, crucial for understanding organism responses.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Nervous system: neurons, reflex action, brain, spinal cord.
- Endocrine glands: hormones, functions.
- Plant movements: tropism, nastic movements.
- Coordination in plants and animals.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Reflex arc: Receptor → Sensory neuron → Motor neuron → Effector.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers (e.g., adrenaline, thyroxine).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, mostly theoretical.
---
Chapter 13: How Do Organisms Reproduce?
**Brief Description**: Covers reproduction in plants and animals, emphasizing its role in species continuity.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Asexual reproduction: binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation.
- Sexual reproduction: human reproductive system, fertilization.
- Reproductive health, contraception.
- Pollination, seed dispersal in plants.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- No specific formulas; focus on reproductive processes and diagrams.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, with diagram-based and theoretical questions.
---
Chapter 14: Heredity and Evolution
**Brief Description**: Explores heredity, variation, and evolution, foundational for genetics and biodiversity.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
- Sex determination, genetic disorders.
- Evolution: natural selection, speciation.
- Evidence of evolution: fossils, homologous structures.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- Monohybrid cross ratio: 3:1 (phenotypic), 1:2:1 (genotypic).
- Dihybrid cross ratio: 9:3:3:1.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, with genetic crosses and theoretical questions.
---
Chapter 15: Our Environment
**Brief Description**: Discusses ecosystems, food chains, and environmental issues, relevant for sustainability studies.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Ecosystem components: biotic, abiotic.
- Food chains, food webs, trophic levels.
- Environmental issues: waste management, ozone depletion.
- Biodegradable vs. non-biodegradable substances.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- 10% law: Only 10% energy transfers to the next trophic level.
- Ozone depletion: O₃ → O₂ + O (UV-induced).
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, mostly theoretical.
---
Chapter 16: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
**Brief Description**: Focuses on conservation and sustainable use of resources like forests, water, and fossil fuels.
**Key Topics/Subtopics**:
- Need for resource management.
- Forests and wildlife conservation.
- Water harvesting, sustainable agriculture.
- Fossil fuels, alternative energy sources.
**Important Formulas/Concepts**:
- No specific formulas; focus on qualitative understanding of sustainability.
**Exercise Details**:
- Exercises: 1.
- Total Questions: ~10–15, theoretical and application-based.
---
#
- **Assessment**: Each chapter includes exercises with numericals (Physics: Chapters 1, 3–4), theoretical questions (Chemistry: Chapters 6–10; Biology: Chapters 11–16), and diagram-based questions (Biology: Chapters 11–14). NCERT Exemplar problems are recommended for advanced practice.
- **Study Tips**: Focus on numericals in Physics (Chapters 1, 3–4), reactions in Chemistry (Chapters 6–9), and diagrams in Biology (Chapters 11–14). Practice balancing equations (Chapter 6) and genetic crosses (Chapter 14) for clarity.